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- <text id=89TT3320>
- <title>
- Dec. 18, 1989: Interview:Zbigniew Brzezinski
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Dec. 18, 1989 Money Laundering
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- INTERVIEW, Page 10
- Vindication Of a Hard-Liner
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>Long the prophet of Communism's doom, Zbigniew Brzezinski
- foresees the end of the U.S.S.R. in its present form
- </p>
- <p>By Strobe Talbott and Robert T. Zintl
- </p>
- <p> Q. You've always been a strong critic of the Soviets, yet
- just in the past month you have been given a standing ovation
- at the Diplomatic Academy in Moscow, you've been respectfully
- interviewed in Pravda and even given prime-time coverage on
- Soviet television. What has it been like for you personally?
- </p>
- <p> A. Well, I wouldn't be human if I didn't confess to a
- certain amount of ego gratification. When I stood in front of
- the foreign policy establishment in the Soviet Union and was
- given a generally empathetic reception, I had a sense of, if you
- will, historical vindication. But I also had a sense of
- something much more important. There was a breakthrough taking
- place in the thinking of people who for 70 years were
- artificially divorced from the intellectual and philosophical
- currents of the Western world. They are now in the process of
- restoring some of those connections, of rejoining that process.
- They are much more willing to be self-critical and to listen to
- criticism. They appreciate the degree to which the Soviet Union
- has fallen out of step with global development, and that has
- driven them in the direction of seeking far-reaching changes.
- </p>
- <p> The last two years of this decade could be the Spring of
- Nations in Central Europe. I am deliberately drawing the
- analogy to 1848, which was called the Spring of Nations because
- Central European nations rose against authoritarianism.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Given the violent aftermath of 1848, that's not a very
- happy precedent.
- </p>
- <p> A. No, it isn't. But if things in Central Europe or the
- Soviet Union go wrong, which they could, I don't think we'll see
- a return to an assertive, confident, Stalinist renewal. Instead,
- we'll probably see a turn toward some highly nationalistic form
- of dictatorship, perhaps what I call a "Holy Alliance" between
- the Soviet Army and the Russian Orthodox Church, galvanized by
- a sense of desperate Great Russian nationalism. That would then
- produce even more intense reactions from non-Russians. It could
- be a very ugly picture.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What's the worst case you can imagine?
- </p>
- <p> A. I can imagine a Soviet intervention in East Germany,
- where the Soviets have a lot of troops on the ground and
- therefore on the spot. If the East German Communist regime were
- to collapse through violence and if the Soviets were to remain
- passive, then the whole thing would collapse, in Poland, Hungary
- and Czechoslovakia. The Soviets know that if they let go of East
- Germany, Poland is lost.
- </p>
- <p> That's why it is so urgent for us, the West, collectively,
- to give this turbulence a chance to work itself out
- constructively in the direction of some form of pluralist
- democracy. So far, we have not responded in a manner that does
- justice to the magnitude of the opportunity, or, alas, to the
- magnitude of the threat inherent in these truly earthquake-like
- political phenomena.
- </p>
- <p> Q. What should we be doing?
- </p>
- <p> A. First, we need to discuss with all the parties concerned
- the implications of change in Central Europe, and also of change
- in Germany, because the two are related. We cannot end the
- division of Europe without also, in some fashion, ending the
- division of Germany. We are past the day when the future of
- Europe could be shaped either by us or by the Soviets alone, or
- even by us with the West Europeans. We now need to talk in equal
- depth with the Russians, with our allies, the West Europeans,
- and with our friends, the Central Europeans.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Are you using the term "Central Europeans"
- interchangeably with what we would call "East Europeans"?
- </p>
- <p> A. I'm using it now instead of "East Europeans." East
- Europe was the geopolitical designation for a reality that is
- now disappearing.
- </p>
- <p> The military confrontation in the heart of Europe is
- waning, so there should be significant cuts in our defense
- budget. Security should be based on some new relationship
- between the two alliances, rather than a dissolution of the two
- alliances. Perhaps there could be a long-term arrangement for
- a transitional NATO and Warsaw Pact presence in the respective
- parts of a reconfederated Germany, so that there is no
- insecurity bred.
- </p>
- <p> Suppose we save $20 billion to $30 billion in defense
- spending on Europe in the next few years. Let's dedicate a third
- or a fourth of that to a Central European Recovery Fund. If we
- make a substantial contribution, I think the Europeans will more
- than match it, and we can bring the Japanese into it.
- </p>
- <p> Q. When Gorbachev persuades the elite to go along with his
- policies, where is the upside? What have they gained?
- </p>
- <p> A. Only a respite from the strains of the competition as
- well as an opportunity to address their internal problems and
- modernize their system. That is what Gorbachev and the people
- around him are hoping to accomplish.
- </p>
- <p> At the same time, I left the Soviet Union with a sense of
- deep foreboding. We're getting to a point where Gorbachev and
- his colleagues will have to make some fundamental choices, all
- of them very difficult and all of them pregnant with dangers.
- He will either have to accelerate perestroika, really pushing
- it forward in the direction of pluralism and the free market,
- or he will have to engage in severe repression of the
- non-Russians.
- </p>
- <p> Q. In the latest issue of Foreign Affairs you say that the
- U.S.S.R. is becoming a "volcano" and a "battleground" of
- warring nationalities. Will there even be a U.S.S.R. in the year
- 2001?
- </p>
- <p> A. No. There will have to be something very different. The
- pace of change, the scale of change, and the drama of the change
- are all such that we have to stop thinking in conventional
- terms. Perhaps there will be a Soviet confederation of some
- sort, much looser than what there is now, with some new form of
- associated statehood for the Baltic republics. Georgia and some
- of the other more nationally defined republics could enjoy a
- much more independent status within the Soviet confederation.
- If they don't have that, then they will have to have some form
- of Great Russian nationalist dictatorship. I think Gorbachev is
- trying to persuade the non-Russian nations that they have to
- accept some form of yet undefined pluralism as the only
- alternative.
- </p>
- <p> Q. Does Gorbachev know what he is doing? Does he have a
- clear plan?
- </p>
- <p> A. I think his speeches reflect a thoughtful man, who
- really realizes that the ideological oversimplifications of the
- past several decades are irrelevant. The hours I spent with some
- of his people increased my feeling that they are intelligently,
- thoughtfully, and in some ways boldly responding to the
- short-term problems that they are confronting and which they
- have the intellectual acumen to identify and not to evade. But
- I am less certain now that they have any comprehensive,
- long-range vision.
- </p>
- <p> Q. How about the Bush Administration? Does it have a
- comprehensive, long-range vision?
- </p>
- <p> A. Well, in the late 1940s President Truman had around him
- a cluster of creative people who asked themselves how the West
- should respond to the collapse of Germany. Now is the time to
- ask ourselves, creatively and historically, how do we respond
- to the apparent collapse of the Soviet Union? We can either
- deliberately shape a new world or simply let the old
- disintegrate--with some of the wreckage potentially even
- endangering us. </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
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